Caldera - Large volcanic dome basin - filled with water = caldera lake

10-1

CLIMATE CHANGE and GEOMORPHOLOGY

C02 & Climate - Complex Causes

Plates, tectonism, weathering, C02 bio, ocean arc

C02 - major control (decline)

Eocene & Miocene - 700 pp mv - parts per milli (dbble present)

Rock debree weathered - consumes C02

Decrease in C02 cools

Diss-association ofCaSi02 + C02 + H20 ... 2HC03 + CA + 2HC03 -

- CaC03 + H20 +C02

Weathering doubles with 10C increase Temp

deep water limestone organisms - subducted

Marine : shallow water limestone organisms less frequent.

C- Miocene age of mammals - lush grass and grazers Land: Plant and leaf shredders (browsers)

Ocean Arc - Surface & vertical thermo dine

Temp correlations by 02 isotopes pelagic & benthic

(Unstable 018)+(016 (stable) SMOW (standard ocean water)(standard x ocean water)

Climate Process precession (Earth motions - precession of orbit)

Milankovich Theory - Mild winter & cool summer produce snow

(variation of solar energy)

Tertiary - Tectonism caused pulling of mud sea & landscape change

Quartenary - Greenland / Iceland - closure of Panama Isthmus

Glaciation & glacial sands

3.1 -2.4 mi yr ago

30 of land covered & uncovered during past 1.3 m/y

Europe & N A landforms are glacial loess dates to pleistocene time.

Ice sheets lowered sea level

Non-analog Climates - boreal forest to 10 degrees of North Pole

No freeze in Alaska above Artic Circle to 70 N - How did plants/trees survive in

Sub tropics in Nantucket & glaciers

Dry climate - Aw & As ; BW & BS

Koeppen 10 inch level - of rainfall

Thomthwaite - evapo-transpiration - temp & daylight

Meigs - Steppe vs. desert, prairie, veldt & pampas, loess

unesco -