Coastal dunes usually blowout or parabolic
(water table limites)
Sand seas or ergs - Rub -al-kahli; (Arabian Desert)
Loess - Loose soil - North European Plain - Germany to Russia
Glaciers (peri-glacial = near glacial Europe)
Permafrost = cryergic or cryogenic 1-2 m - seasonal thaw
(Shrinking in last century)
200m to 1600m
Tundra - cold barren or boreal forest
Mass wasting & qualification, wind, ice
Freezing & frost wedging
Chemical & biological weathering (salt)
Frost heaving and needle ice
Segregated ice (massive in permafrost)
Ice wedges vs. progressive size increase
(Sand wedges in cold desert)
Geliflection & frost creep (upper 2m)
Nuration - melt h2o downhill erosion
Fluvial Erosion - Snow melt controlled
Permafrost limits infiltration
(gold in arctic) - hydrolic mining
Eolian transport - spring winds dry dunes formed
Landforms - Patterned ground - polygons
Rock glaciers (sorted)
Felsenmeer (rock fields)
Thermokarst (Karst like caused by ice melt)
Glaciers
Erosian/plucking (lee vs. stoss)
Pater noster lakes (chain of lakes)
Fjiords, cirque, horn, (arete & horn)
Alpine vs. continental
Gipselfleur (series of peaks)
Presidential Range - white mountains - NH
Moraine - Medial, lateral, terminal (recessional)
Drift - all deposition by glacier
Till - Non-stratified deposited directly
Re-working
Esker (Ice tunnel deposition)
Great Esker Park - Weymouth / Hingham
Kettle - Lakes
Valley - Boulder trains
Kame - Stratified drift/hill
Crevasse - Surface break
Drumlins - Boston Harbor Islands and other locations
11, 12.&13-1