ࡱ> egfh( / 0LDArialTe0T0 /t-a0t@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` H@lY      0AA@wʚ;ʚ;g4ndndD /-a0 ppp@ <4dddd))0/ <4!d!dK*080___PPT10 ?  %Political SchemasMichael Milburn Psychology 335SchemasRemember the central question for this course: How do people understand politics and interpret political information and events? Schemas: hypothesized knowledge structures Schemas affect inferences people make Types of schemas: Person/self/role/event/pragmatic >ZZ0RAbelson: scripts xStory of John: What happened? What did he do first? What did he eat? Eating is an inference from the  restaurant script that we carry with us Gap in the story is filled using the script Schema Activation4Influences memory [both storage/recall] Bransford and Johnson (1972) The procedure is actually quite simple. First, you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do& . It is important not to overdo things. That is, it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important, but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon, however, it will become just another facet of life.  Priming  (Donald story) has emotional consequences Higgins, Rholes & Jones (1977) Simplification (Linville & Jones) Outgroups seen as more homogeneous than ingroups Less complex thinking about outgroups than ingroups dZeZZZEuet( K2  Milburn (1987)Ideological schemas Ideological self-schemas What was the hypothesis? What was the method? What variables were measured? Results? An interaction: More ideological consistency following activation of an ideological schema for individuals who are ideologically self-schematic 5Milburn & Fay-DumaineIVs: Same schema activation manipulation Ideological self-schemas DV: Results? Interaction: Complexity of reasoning simplified following schema activation for those who were ideologically schematic 6t + Cognitive HeuristicsnKahneman and Tversky E.g., Availability heuristic Cognitive shortcuts produce errors in probability estimation$[ Pragmatic SchemasP. 393 reasoning performance improved when cued what procedure to use Activation of pragmatic schema0F+6 Schematic ProcessingSee Merelman article in packet: Development of political thinking Modification of stage theories (Piaget/Kohlberg) Substitution vs. Terracing Schema activation Georgoudi situational cues affect complexity of attributionsR!oQ!SQ, 4   ConclusionsPeople vary in their capacity for complex reasoning (Tetlock, Rosenberg) As individuals develop cognitively, many develop the capacity to reason at a higher level But, lower levels of reasoning/thinking are terraced Schema activation can therefore activate higher levels of reasoning (e.g., Cheng and Holyoke) or lower levels (simplification) The mass media are an important source of schema activation,Z 5W  Why is complexity important?RSuedfeld and Tetlock (1977) Integrative complexity in international crises Analyzed complexity of speeches/diplomatic communications in a series of international crises $ Suedfeld and Tetlock (1977)$/P     0` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> f(    6  `} / T Click to edit Master title style! !  0$  ` / RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0I%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0I%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0W%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0W%(+8+0+00 +  0 4$(  4r 4 S / `}  / r 4 S d/ ` / H 4 0޽h ? 33t 0 $8(  8r 8 S  3 `}  3  8 0 3p`{ N0 CONFLICT PEACEFUL RESOLUTION Early 20th Century WW I (1914) Morocco (1911) England 2.58 5.16 France 1.42 4.83 Germany 1.84 3.92 (1950) (1948) (1962) Mid 20th Century Korea Berlin Airlift Cuban Missile Crisis USA 1.75 3.00 4.75 USSR 1.67 2.50 4.67 1 2 A  1LB 8 c $D H 8 0޽h ? 33 0 @(  @X @ C <   / @ S < 0  /  H @ 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Рȍ 0 D(  DX D C <   / D S ?/< 0  /  H D 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.[͍ 0  H(  HX H C <   / H S f/< 0  /  H H 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.[͍ 0 0L(  LX L C <   / L S D/< 0  /  H L 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.[͍ 0 @P(  PX P C <   / P S /< 0  /  H P 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.[͍ 0 PT(  TX T C <   / T S /< 0  /  H T 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.ύ 0 `X(  XX X C <   / X S @/< 0  /  H X 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.ύ 0 p\(  \X \ C <   / \ S (/< 0  /  H \ 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.ύ 0 `(  `X ` C <   / ` S X/< 0  /  H ` 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.ύ  0 d(  dX d C <   / d S /< 0  /  H d 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.ύ  0 h(  hX h C <   3 h S L3< 0  3  H h 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.ύ  0 l(  lX l C <   3 l S h'3< 0  3  H l 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.ύrpU-/UBFg| v}S' !5I]q 1( / 0LDAriale0lburn (1987)Milburn & Fay-DumaineCognitive HeuristicsPragmatic SchemasSchematic Processing ConclusionsWhy is complexity important?Suedfeld and Tetlock (1977)  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles @@։G'_TsMichael MilburnMichael Milburn--$xx--'Root EntrydO)X☂Current User,SummaryInformation(<PowerPoint Document(x  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abc~ ilburn (1987)Milburn & Fay-DumaineCognitive HeuristicsPragmatic SchemasSchematic Processing ConclusionsWhy is complexity important?Suedfeld and Tetlock (1977)  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles @@։G_TuseruserMichael Milburn--$xx--'՜.+,0    POn-screen ShowUMass BostonxO   ArialDefault DesignPolitical SchemasSchemasAbelson: scriptsSchema ActivationMilburn (1987)Milburn & Fay-DumaineCognitive HeuristicsPragmatic SchemasSchematic Processing ConclusionsWhy is complexity important?Suedfeld and Tetlock (1977)  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles '_asMichael MilburnMichael Milburn  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abc~Root EntrydO) t≁Current UserMSummaryInformation(<PowerPoint Document(xDocumentSummaryInformation8d0LLԖ-a0Ԗ@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` H@lY      0AA@wʚ;ʚ;g4ndndP-a0 ppp@ <4dddd))0L <4!d!dK*0L80___PPT10 ?  %Political SchemasMichael Milburn Psychology 335SchemasRemember the central question for this course: How do people understand politics and interpret political information and events? Schemas: hypothesized knowledge structures Schemas affect inferences people make Types of schemas: Person/self/role/event/pragmatic >ZZ0RAbelson: scripts xStory of John: What happened? What did he do first? What did he eat? Eating is an inference from the  restaurant script that we carry with us Gap in the story is filled using the script $R bSchema Activation4Influences memory [both storage/recall] Bransford and Johnson (1972) The procedure is actually quite simple. First, you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do& . It is important not to overdo things. That is, it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important, but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon, however, it will become just another facet of life.  Priming  (Donald story) has emotional consequences Higgins, Rholes & Jones (1977) Simplification (Linville & Jones) Outgroups seen as more homogeneous than ingroups Less complex thinking about outgroups than ingroups dZeZZZEuet( K2  Milburn (1987)Ideological schemas Ideological self-schemas What was the hypothesis? What was the method? What variables were measured? Results? An interaction: More ideological consistency following activation of an ideological schema for individuals who are ideologically self-schematic 5Milburn & Fay-DumaineIVs: Same schema activation manipulation Ideological self-schemas DV: Results? Interaction: Complexity of reasoning simplified following schema activation for those who were ideologically schematic 6t + Cognitive HeuristicsnKahneman and Tversky E.g., Availability heuristic Cognitive shortcuts produce errors in probability estimation$[ Pragmatic SchemasP. 393 reasoning performance improved when cued what procedure to use Activation of pragmatic schema0F+6 Schematic ProcessingSee Merelman article in packet: Development of political thinking Modification of stage theories (Piaget/Kohlberg) Substitution vs. Terracing Schema activation Georgoudi situational cues affect complexity of attributionsR!oQ!SQ, 4   ConclusionsPeople vary in their capacity for complex reasoning (Tetlock, Rosenberg) As individuals develop cognitively, many develop the capacity to reason at a higher level But, lower levels of reasoning/thinking are terraced Schema activation can therefore activate higher levels of reasoning (e.g., Cheng and Holyoke) or lower levels (simplification) The mass media are an important source of schema activation,Z 5W  Why is complexity important?RSuedfeld and Tetlock (1977) Integrative complexity in international crises Analyzed complexity of speeches/diplomatic communications in a series of international crises $ Suedfeld and Tetlock (1977)$/P    0 pP(  r  S  `}     S  `<$0  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+[W_D<' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4E%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*E%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +rXa<1 Oh+'0  `h  Political SchemasmilburnMichael Milburn15Microsoft PowerPoint@p)@ptKX:@@։Gg  x!  y--$xx--'@Arial-. !2 6*Political Schemas."Systemp:-@Arial-. 2 K7Michael Milburn.-@Arial-. 2 V7Psychology 335.-՜.+,0    POn-screen ShowUMass BostonxO   ArialDefault DesignPolitical SchemasSchemasAbelson: scriptsSchema ActivationMi