H2O and minerals in solution = 1000 units of seawater = 965 water & 35 salt
Average salinity = 3.5% or 35ppt of mineral
All measures an relative to Cl-ion concentration
NAC1 - 45 Cl = 55 = chlorinity measure
Of all ions in sea H2O
All land sediment moves to ocean
Also airborne material
Trace element not found in sea H2O
Have been found in marine organisms
(iodine in seaweed, copper in blood-crabs, cobalt in lobsters & muscles, lead in ash of
marine organisms, nickel in mollusks)
(Soerdrop Johnson & Fleming) (The Ocean pg 175)
49 elements in Sea H2O
NA in combination with Cl, COs, BR, S04 (Sulphate)
Salt H20:
Sodium Chloride 77.76
Mg Chloride 10.88
Mg S04 4.74
Ca S04 3.60
K2 S04 2.46
CaC03 .34
MgBr .27
Salinity of H2O
Salinity of Open Ocean
34-37 part per thousand
avg. = 35
Gulf of Bothnea: 5 ppt+(Bothe)
Red Sea: 46 ppt
Saragasso Sea: 38
No Hemisphere surface is less salty than Southern Hemisphere
No = 34 avg.: more land
So = 35 avg.: much more water
Arctic 30 or less: density, land runoff, constrained circulation
Salinity of deep or bottom H2O
34.5 - 35 ppt.
Affected by rain fall & evaporation
(Arctic Bottom Water)
Salinity & Circulation
Movement of Life
Circulation is vertical: Upwelling/ Downwelling/ Outwelling
Heavy H20 sinks (cold & salty) vs. (warm & salty) Rises
Heavy:
1. Mammals: swim bladdens & salty tissue
2 . Cold: Rich in oxygen vs. warm oxygen depleted water
Mouth of Great Rivers Low
Salinity: Fresh H2O on top - cold salty on bottom
Amazon: Fresh H2O 300 miles - out into Atlantic Ocean
Organic Substance in H2O
NiP+Si02-(Shells)
(Plant bodies)
Bone to food web (Hard bone and Cartilaginous)
Little on sea bottom must dissolve ect. And uptake
Gasses in Solution:
02 – 34% (vs. 21% land) (less soluble than land)
C02-1.6% (vs. 03%) land
N2 – 64% in sea (78% on air) - Mammalian Bends - Caissons Disease
02 Solubility varies with
T, P, and salinity
Plants give little free 02 to H2O
T - Increase 02-Decrease
C02 twice solution as
H2C03 (HC03ect.)
Plants give above as a byproduct of Respiration
50 times greater solubility of C02 in H2O than land