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<B>Part II Climates: </strong></U></P
>
<P
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><FONT size="+1"></B>Climate is the average of weather over a twenty to thirty year period,<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">-1 .Temperature: by month/year and threshold temperature<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">-2.Rainfall: by month/year and threshold amounts<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">-3 .Soil-environment/temperature/moisture<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">-4.Vegitation: xerophyte (cactus)<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">-5.Economic component: mining farming<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">Block soil is rich, warms up and cools down fast<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">In the South we have a red soil. Rain is mixing with Iron to create rust FE203.<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">Yellow color means baked soil (Yellow River/Yellow Sea)<FONT size="+1"> <br>
<br>
Climate Classification Coded within Last 100 years developed by Vladimir Koppen<br>
<br>
<FONT size="+1"><B>A</B><I> Temperature Based Tropical Climates</I><FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">Average temperature is above 64<FONT size="+1">°<FONT size="+1"> F (18<FONT size="+1">° <FONT size="+1">C). Notice that tropical climates have no third<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">letter: there is little or no seasonally in temperature, so no third letter is needed. The<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">seasonality in precipitation is taken care of by the second letter.<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1"><B><span class="style1"><I>Af</I><FONT size="+1"></span> </P
>
<P
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><U><FONT size="+1">Tropical Rainforest</U></B>. Second letter f, no dry season, wet all year. with at least 2.4" (6<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">cm) of rainfall each and every month Selva vegetation covers the area.<FONT size="+1">
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<DIV class="Sect"
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><U><FONT size="+1" color="#000000"><B>Am </U></P
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><U>Monsoon.</U></B> Second letter m, seasonally high rainfall, short but distinct dry season with </P
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>less than 2.4" (6 cm) of rainfall in the driest month. Selva is found here also. </P
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><U><B>Aw </U></P
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><U>Savanna.</U></B> Second letter <B>w</B>, dry season in winter with at least one month less than 2.4" (6 </P
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>cm) of rainfall. This can be of a parkland with isolated trees or primarily grassland. </P
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><B>Dry Climates </P
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><U>B</U></B> Precipitation Based Dry Climates </P
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><U>Evapotranspiration</U> (evaporation plus transpiration from plants) equals or exceeds </P
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>precipitation. Because of this, there is no surplus water in the B climate areas, and no </P
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>permanent streams can form there. Streams crossing B climate areas are usually "exotic" </P
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>meaning that they originate in more humid areas. An example of this would be the Nile. </P
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>The B climate is by far the largest climate area. 7 or more of the precipitation falls in </P
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>the summer months; winter precipitation concentration (dry summer) 70 or more of </P
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>precipitation falls during the 6 winter months; neither summer nor winter precipitation </P
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>concentration: fits neither of the above conditions, more or less even precipitation. It is </P
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>important to note that most deserts are not sandy. They may have sandy areas in some </P
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>locations. </P
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><U><B>Low latitude (hot) desert.</U></B> Second letter <B>W</B>, arid; third letter <B>h</B>, hot. Potential </P
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>Evapotranspiration is more than twice available precipitation. Mean annual temperature </P
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>is over 64° F (18° C).Life is quite sparse and adapted to low rain fall Egypt </P
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><U><B>BWk </U></P
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><U>Mid latitude (cool or cold) desert.</U></B> Second letter <B>W</B>, arid; third letter <B>k</B>, cold (from </P
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>German Kalt). Potential Evapotranspiration is more than twice available precipitation. </P
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>Mean annual temperature is less than 64° F (18° C).Afghanistan </P
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><U><B>BSh </U></P
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><U>Low latitude (hot) steppe</U></B>. Second letter <B>S</B>, semi arid; third letter <B>h</B>, hot. Potential </P
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>evapotranspiration is up to twice available precipitation. Mean annual temperature is over </P
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>64° F (18° C). This usually has a short grass and is not suitable for cattle grazing but can </P
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>do sheep or goats. </P
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><U><B>BSk </U></P
><P
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><U>Mid latitude (cool or cold) steppe.</U></B> Second letter <B>S</B>, semi arid; third letter <B>k</B>, cold (from </P
><P
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>German Kalt). Potential evapotranspiration is up to twice available precipitation. Mean </P
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>annual temperature is less than 64° F (18° C).This can be an area of dry cereal farming or cattle grazing. </P
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><FONT color="#CC0000"><B> </P
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>Question?<FONT color="#000000"></B> Why do we find this environment in many western movie<FONT size="+1">s?<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1"><B>C</B> Temperature Based Humid Mesothermal </P
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><FONT size="+1" color="#000000"></B>The coldest month is between 27° F and 64° F (-3° C to 18° C). At least one month </P
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>averages above 50" F (10° C), so there are definite summer and winter seasons, although </P
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>mild. If snow falls, it does not linger long. Those with a as third letter are hot-summer, </P
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>with the warmest month over 72° F (22°C); those with b as third letter are warm summer, </P
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>with warmest month below 72° F (22° C); those with c as third letter are cool, short </P
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>summer, with less than 4 months over 50° F (10° C).These climates are usually located </P
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>proximal to coasts and may have great amounts of rainfall similar to monsoon locations. </P
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><U><B>Cfa </U></P
><P
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><U>Humid subtropical.</U></B> Second letter <B>f</B>, no dry season. Mild, no dry season. Precipitation of </P
><P
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>the driest month averages more than 1.2" (3 cm). It is possible to have snow and frost in </P
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>these locations but the growing season is usually long. </P
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><U><B>Cfb, Cfc </U></P
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><U>Marine west coast</U></B>. Second letter <B>f</B>, no dry season. Same as above, but cooler due to </P
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>position on continents with respect to prevailing westerlies. You may find fruit trees, </P
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>viticulture and bocage or maqui type of vegetation here. </P
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><U><B>Cwa, Cwb </U></P
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><U>Subtropical monsoon.</U></B> Second letter <B>w</B>, dry winter season. Dry winter (<B>w</B> designation) </P
><P
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>with a wet season in the summer. 70 or more of the precipitation comes during the 6 </P
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>summer months. In the US, this is the location of the redwood forests. </P
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><U><B>Csa, Csb </U></P
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><U>Mediterranean.</U></B> Second letter s, dry summer season. Dry summer (s designation) with </P
><P
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>driest summer month less than 1.2" (3 cm). 70 or more of the total precipitation comes </P
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>during the 6 winter months. Citrus trees and truck crops with irrigation are common in </P
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>these environments. You can see this type of climate in the Crimea. </P
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><U><B>D</U></B> Temperature Based Humid Microthermal </P
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><U><B>Snow climate.</U></B> The coldest month averages below 27° F (-3° C). The warmest month </P
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>averages above 50° F (10° C). Snow usually falls and stays for at least part of the year. </P
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>Third letter designations <B>a</B>, <B>b</B>, and <B>c</B> are the same as for <B>C</B> climates. <B>D</B> climates with a </P
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>third letter designation of <B>d</B> are very-cold winter climates, with the coldest month below - </P
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>36° F (-38° C).These climates are found at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere or in </P
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>interior continental locations. </P
><P
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><FONT color="#CC0000"><B>Question?<FONT color="#000000"></B> Why are these climates not found in the southern hemisphere? </P
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><U><B>Dfa, Dfb, Dfc, Dfd </U></P
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><U>Snow climate with wet winter, no dry season,</U></B> Third letter designations: a is hot </P
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>summer, <B>b</B> is warm summer, <B>c</B> is cool summer, <B>d</B> is cold winter (subarctic). </P
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><U><B>Dwa Dwb Dwc Dwd </U></P
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><U>Snow climate with dry winter.</U></B> Third letter designations: a is hot summer, b is warm </P
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>summer, <B>c</B> is cool summer, <B>d</B> is cold winter (subarctic). </P
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><FONT size="+1" color="#000000"></B>Note. Many of the D climates resemble deserts but with low temperature comes short </P
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>growing seasons and a minimal need of water. </P
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>E Temperature Based Polar </P
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>Average temperature of the warmest month is below 50° F (10° C). Only two letters are </P
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>needed because these climates have no summer. They are routinely cold and usually the </P
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>precipitation comes in the form of snow. Vegetation is hardy and stunted and animals are adapted to the cold and snow . </P
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><U><B>H </U></P
><P
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><U>TC,TT,TF and Paramos </U></P
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></B><I>Elevation Based Mountain Climates</I><I> </I></P
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>This designation is for those areas in which climatic conditions change so quickly over a </P
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>short horizontal distance due to elevation changes. Mountain climates are variable over a </P
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>short distance, but they must fit into the surrounding general climate. In general, </P
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>mountain climates are colder and wetter with increased altitude, although there are some </P
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>exceptions to the wetter generality. (Sometimes shown as "G" climates on some maps.) </P
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>These have some of the oldest cultures associated with them and have specialized crops </P
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>and farming techniques also </P
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><U><B>The Changing Climate</U></B> extra reading notes </P
><P
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>-Average Atmospheric Values </P
><P
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>-Variability of elements </P
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>-occurrence of extreme events </P
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>Exchange of energy and moisture within Atmosphere </P
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>-hydrosphere </P
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>-Biosphere </P
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>-Litho sphere </P
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>-cryo sphere </P
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>Climate has varied extensively through time </P
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>Human Activities effect environment </P
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><U><B>ET </U></P
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><U>Tundra</U></B>. The warmest average month is above 32° F (0° C) but less than 50° F (10° C). </P
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>Very short growing season. Permafrost is common to this environment. </P
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><U><B>EF </U></P
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><U>Ice cap.</U></B> Permanent snow and ice, average temperature of all months is below 32° F (0° </P
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>C). There is no growing season. Glacier may migrate during the summer months in both </P
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>north and south hemispheric locations. </P
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><U><B>EM </U></P
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><U>Island locations at high latitude. Very few locations. Cold and windy suitable for sheep. </U></P
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><FONT size="+1" color="#000000"></B>Evidence used to detect change </P
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>-Sea floor sediment </P
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>-Oxygen Isotope analysis </P
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>-glacial Ice </P
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>-old Soils </P
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>-tree rings </P
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>-documentation </P
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>Sea floor sediment contains remains of organisms that once lived at the surface. </P
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>-Surface and organisms changed and adapted with climate </P
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>-JOIDES Resolution collects cores from sea floor </P
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><B>Oxygen Isotope analysis </P
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></B>-precise measurement of ratio between common Oxygenl6 and heavier </P
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>uncommon </P
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>Oxygen 18 </P
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>-016 evaporates more readily from Oceans leaving greater amounts of) 18 in </P
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>ocean </P
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>Study of Buried soils Paleosols </P
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>Yearly growth of tree rings </P
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>Pollen in Sediment </P
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><DIV
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><B><I>Natural Mechanisms of Climate Change </I></P
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></B>1<B>.Plate Tectonics:</B> continental plates shining </P
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>2.<B>Volcanic Activity:</B> reducing solar radiation, changing landscape </P
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>3.<B>Solar Variability:</B> variations in output, sunspot surplus can cause global temperature to </P
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>rise </P
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>4.<B>Variations in Earth's orbit:</B> Milonkovitch cycle:axial tilt change(obliquity), </P
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>wobble(precession) shape oforbit(eccentricity) </P
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><B>Human Impact on global Climate </P
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></B>-use of fire </P
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>-overgrazing </P
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>-modifying surface albedo </P
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>-Addition of C02 in the atmosphere </P
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>-Addition of trace gasses </P
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>-Methane </P
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>-Nitrous Oxide </P
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>-CFC's </P
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>-These all lead to global warming trends </P
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>-Sea level rise </P
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>-Melting of glaciers </P
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>-increase in ocean volume due to temperature expansion of water </P
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>molecules </P
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>-shoreline erosion </P
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><FONT size="+1" color="#000000"></B>Climate of Urban areas/Cities different from surrounding or non urban areas </P
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>-Cloudier </P
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>-Foggier </P
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>-Warmer </P
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>-Wetter </P
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><B>Urban Heat Island </P
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></B>-Highest temperatures are seen where building density is highest, and industry is </P
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>present </P
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><B><I>end of reading notes </I></P
><P
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></B>Eastern Massachusetts is a <B>Cfa</B> climate </P
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>Western Ma is like a <B>D</B> climate </P
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>Characteristics of Climate Types </P
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><B>A </P
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></B>every month has temp over <B>64</B> degrees F </P
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>Selva </P
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><B>Tropical evergreen </B>dense hardwoods </P
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>Vines connecting to ground <B>liana</B> </P
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>Bottom story is <B>fern</B> </P
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>bananas, cacao, nuts, fruits rubber </P
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>plantations </P
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>Soil is Tierra (red) </P
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><B>B </P
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>Steppes, Desert </P
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></B>Mining, raw materials </P
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>indigenous peoples, nomad </P
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>Camels, sheep, goat </P
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>short grasses </P
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><B>C </P
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></B>Influenced by the sea </P
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>one or months above 50 degrees F </P
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><B>Deciduous</B> leaf trees </P
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>Pedocal Soil, Podzol soil </P
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>Fruit trees ex.) pecan, apples, walnuts, peaches </P
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><B>D </P
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></B>One or month above 50 degrees F and one or month below 32 degrees F </P
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><B>Evergreen</B> and <B>Taiga trees</B> </P
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>Coniferous forest </P
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>paper pulp </P
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><B>E </P
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></B>Average Temp of warmest month is less than 50 degrees F </P
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><P
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><FONT size="+1" color="#000000"></B>Ice cap. Frozen tundra, <B>permafrost.<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">H<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">Paramous</B> is highest elevation: devoid of vegetation<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1"><B>Tierra Fria<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">Tierra Templada<FONT size="+1"> </P
><P
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><FONT size="+1">Tierra Caliente Lowest elevation<FONT size="+1"> </P
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Copyright 2014,
John Looney.
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons License
Cite/attribute Resource.
rsadoo. (Aug 21, 2009). lecture notes pg 2.html. Retrieved Nov 06, 2014, from UMass Boston OpenCourseware Web site: http://ocw.umb.edu/environmental-earth-and-ocean-sciences/eeos-225-geographic-weather-climate/lecture%20notes%20pg%202.html.
