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<B>Hydrology</U></B>: Geochemistry - Chemistry of Ocean H20<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">H2O and minerals in solution = 1000 units of seawater = 965 water &amp; 35 salt<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Average salinity = 3.5% or 35ppt of mineral<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">All measures an relative to Cl-ion concentration<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">NAC1 - 45 Cl = 55 = chlorinity measure<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Of all ions in sea H2O<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">All land sediment moves to ocean<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Also airborne material<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Trace element not found in sea H2O<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Have been found in marine organisms<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">(iodine in seaweed, copper in blood-crabs, cobalt in lobsters &amp; muscles, lead in ash of<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">marine organisms, nickel in mollusks)<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">(Soerdrop Johnson &amp; Fleming) (The Ocean pg 175)<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">49 elements in Sea H2O<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">NA in combination with Cl, COs, BR, S04 (Sulphate)<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><strong><FONT size="+1">Salt H20:</strong><FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Sodium Chloride    77.76<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Mg Chloride       10.88<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Mg S04            4.74<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Ca S04                  3.60<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">K2 S04            2.46<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">CaC03              .34<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">MgBr              .27<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Salinity of H2O<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Salinity of Open Ocean<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">34-37 part per thousand<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">avg. = 35<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Gulf of Bothnea: 5 ppt+(Bothe)<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Red Sea: 46 ppt<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Saragasso Sea: 38<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">No Hemisphere surface is less salty than Southern Hemisphere<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">No = 34 avg.: more land<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">So = 35 avg.: much more water<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Arctic 30 or less: density, land runoff, constrained circulation<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Salinity of deep or bottom H2O<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">34.5 - 35 ppt.<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Affected by rain fall &amp; evaporation<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">(Arctic Bottom Water)<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><U><FONT size="+1"><B>Salinity &amp; Circulation </U></P
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></B>Movement of Life<FONT size="+1"> <br>
</B>Circulation is vertical: Upwelling/ Downwelling/ Outwelling<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Heavy H20 sinks (cold &amp; salty) <U><B>vs</U></B>. (warm &amp; salty) Rises<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Heavy:<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">1.<strong> Mammals</strong>: swim bladdens &amp; salty tissue<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">2<font size="+1"> </font>. Cold: Rich in oxygen vs. warm oxygen depleted water<br>
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  <strong>Mouth of Great Rivers Low<FONT size="+1"> </strong></P
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><FONT size="+1">Salinity: Fresh H2O on top - cold salty on bottom<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Amazon: Fresh H2O 300 miles - out into Atlantic Ocean<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Organic Substance in H2O<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">NiP+Si02-(Shells)<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">(Plant bodies)<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Bone to food web (Hard bone and Cartilaginous)<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Little on sea bottom must dissolve ect. And uptake<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Gasses in Solution:<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">02 &ndash; 34% (vs. 21% land) (less soluble than land)<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">C02-1.6% (vs. 03%) land<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">N2 &ndash; 64% in sea (78% on air) - Mammalian Bends - Caissons Disease<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">02 Solubility varies with<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">T, P, and salinity<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Plants give little free 02 to H2O<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">T - Increase 02-Decrease<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">C02 twice solution as<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">H2C03 (HC03ect.)<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">Plants give above as a byproduct of Respiration<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><FONT size="+1">50 times greater solubility of C02 in H2O than land<FONT size="+1"> </P
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><U><FONT size="+1"></U></P
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